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What is thermally expanded graphite?

Thermally expanded graphite (TEG) is a vermicular-structured carbon material that can be prepared by heating expandable graphite up to 1150 °C using a muffle or tubular furnace.

Why is graphite a good battery material?

And because of its low de−/lithiation potential and specific capacity of 372 mAh g −1 (theory) , graphite-based anode material greatly improves the energy density of the battery. As early as 1976 , researchers began to study the reversible intercalation behavior of lithium ions in graphite.

What is the energy storage mechanism of graphite anode?

The energy storage mechanism, i.e. the lithium storage mechanism, of graphite anode involves the intercalation and de-intercalation of Li ions, forming a series of graphite intercalation compounds (GICs). Extensive efforts have been engaged in the mechanism investigation and performance enhancement of Li-GIC in the past three decades.

How can graphite be used for K and Na storage?

In addition, building high surface graphite or graphene , mixing with metal or metal oxide [190, 209, 210], and surface modification with functional groups can boost the capacity of graphite for both K and Na storage, by the enhancement of surface storage conversion reaction mechanisms.

Is graphite a sustainable process?

While graphite purity as high as 99.9% is achieved using this process, the need for temperatures as high as ~3000 °C 5, and uncertainties associated with the generation of volatile constituents and their associated environmental impacts challenge the environmental sustainability of this process.

How stable is graphite?

The cycling stability tests of graphite at a current density of 100 mA g −1 show a capacity retention in excess of 80 mA g −1 for at least 300 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 93–99%.