All-vanadium liquid flow energy storage strength

Are vanadium redox flow batteries suitable for stationary energy storage?

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) can effectively solve the intermittent renewable energy issues and gradually become the most attractive candidate for large-scale stationary energy storage. However, their low energy density and high cost still bring challenges to the widespread use of VRFBs.

Does concentration of vanadium affect electrolyte stability?

Wen et al. state that the electrolyte stability is most strongly affected by the relationship between the concentration of vanadium and H 2 SO 4 and that an increase in the concentration of H 2 SO 4 attenuates the precipitation of the V (V) ions but that a very high concentration impacts on the precipitation of the ions.

Do vanadium ions have high coulombic and energetic efficiencies?

The data obtained, in general, agreed with those of Sun et al. and Zhang et al. , which pointed to low permeability of vanadium ions, which resulted in high coulombic and energetic efficiencies, higher than those obtained for Nafion membranes.

Why are innovative membranes needed for vanadium redox flow batteries?

Innovative membranes are needed for vanadium redox flow batteries, in order to achieve the required criteria; i) cost reduction, ii) long cycle life, iii) high discharge rates and iv) high current densities. To achieve this, variety of materials were tested and reported in literature. 7.1. Zeolite membranes

Does a positively functionalized membrane absorb vanadium?

The results obtained showed that the positively functionalized membrane (Nafion 117), in equilibrium condition, absorbed all the vanadium in all its oxidation states. Still, in the +2 oxidation state, it was more strongly absorbed in relation to the others.

Why does a vanadium electrolyte deteriorate a battery membrane?

Exposure of the polymeric membrane to the highly oxidative and acidic environment of the vanadium electrolyte can result in membrane deterioration. Furthermore, poor membrane selectivity towards vanadium permeability can lead to faster discharge times of the battery. These areas seek room for improvement to increase battery lifetime.